You can alternatively set API keys such as OPENAI_API_KEY in a .env file and load them.
[Note] This is not necessary if you've already set the required API keys in previous steps.
# Load API keys from .env file
from dotenv import load_dotenv
load_dotenv(override=True)
True
Create a basic PDF-based Retrieval Chain
Here, we create a Retrieval Chain based on a PDF document. This is the Retrieval Chain with the simplest structure.
However, in LangGraph, Retirever and Chain are created separately. Only then can detailed processing be performed for each node.
[Note]
As this was covered in the previous tutorial, detailed explanation will be omitted.
from rag.pdf import PDFRetrievalChain
# Load the PDF document
pdf = PDFRetrievalChain(
["data/A European Approach to Artificial Intelligence - A Policy Perspective.pdf"]
).create_chain()
# Create retriever
pdf_retriever = pdf.retriever
# Create chain
pdf_chain = pdf.chain
Next, create the retriever_tool tool.
[Note]
The document_prompt is a prompt used to represent the retrieved document.
from langchain_core.tools.retriever import create_retriever_tool
from langchain_core.prompts import PromptTemplate
# Create a retriever tool for querying the PDF document
retriever_tool = create_retriever_tool(
pdf_retriever,
"pdf_retriever",
"Analyze and provide insights from the PDF file titled *A European Approach to Artificial Intelligence - A Policy Perspective*. This document explores AI trends, challenges, and opportunities across various sectors, offering valuable policy recommendations for sustainable AI development in Europe.",
document_prompt=PromptTemplate.from_template(
"<document><context>{page_content}</context><metadata><source>{source}</source><page>{page}</page></metadata></document>"
),
)
# Add the retriever tool to the tools list for agent use
tools = [retriever_tool]
Defining AgentState
We will define the AgentState .
Each node is passed a state object. The state consists of a list of messages .
Each node in the graph adds content to this list.
from typing import Annotated, Sequence, TypedDict
from langchain_core.messages import BaseMessage
from langgraph.graph.message import add_messages
# Defines agent state and manages messages
class AgentState(TypedDict):
# Manages the sequence of messages using the add_messages reducer function
messages: Annotated[Sequence[BaseMessage], add_messages]
Nodes and Edges
An agent-based RAG graph can be structured as follows:
state is a collection of messages.
Each node updates (adds to) the state .
Conditional edges determine the next node to visit.
Now, let's create a simple Grader.
from typing import Literal
from langchain import hub
from langchain_core.messages import HumanMessage
from langchain_core.output_parsers import StrOutputParser
from langchain_core.prompts import PromptTemplate
from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
from langchain_openai import ChatOpenAI
# Define the data model
class grade(BaseModel):
"""A binary score for relevance checks"""
binary_score: str = Field(
description="Response 'yes' if the document is relevant to the question or 'no' if it is not."
)
def grade_documents(state) -> Literal["generate", "rewrite"]:
model = ChatOpenAI(temperature=0, model="gpt-4o-mini", streaming=True)
# Set up LLM for structured output
llm_with_tool = model.with_structured_output(grade)
prompt = PromptTemplate(
template="""You are a grader assessing relevance of a retrieved document to a user question. \n
Here is the retrieved document: \n\n {context} \n\n
Here is the user question: {question} \n
If the document contains keyword(s) or semantic meaning related to the user question, grade it as relevant. \n
Give a binary score 'yes' or 'no' score to indicate whether the document is relevant to the question.""",
input_variables=["context", "question"],
)
chain = prompt | llm_with_tool
# Extract messages from the current state
messages = state["messages"]
# Get the most recent message
last_message = messages[-1]
# Extract the original question
question = messages[0].content
retrieved_docs = last_message.content
# Perform relevance evaluation
scored_result = chain.invoke({"question": question, "context": retrieved_docs})
# Extract relevance status
score = scored_result.binary_score
if score == "yes":
print("==== [DECISION: DOCS RELEVANT] ====")
return "generate"
else:
print("==== [DECISION: DOCS NOT RELEVANT] ====")
print(score)
return "rewrite"
def agent(state):
messages = state["messages"]
model = ChatOpenAI(temperature=0, streaming=True, model="gpt-4o-mini")
# Bind the retriever tool
model = model.bind_tools(tools)
# Generate agent response
response = model.invoke(messages)
# Returns as a list since it is appended to the existing list
return {"messages": [response]}
def rewrite(state):
print("==== [QUERY REWRITE] ====")
messages = state["messages"]
question = messages[0].content
# Create a prompt for question refinement
msg = [
HumanMessage(
content=f""" \n
Look at the input and try to reason about the underlying semantic intent / meaning. \n
Here is the initial question:
\n ------- \n
{question}
\n ------- \n
Formulate an improved question: """,
)
]
# Refine the question using the LLM
model = ChatOpenAI(temperature=0, model="gpt-4o-mini", streaming=True)
# Execute the Query-Transform chain
response = model.invoke(msg)
# Return the rewritten question
return {"messages": [response]}
def generate(state):
messages = state["messages"]
question = messages[0].content
docs = messages[-1].content
# Load the RAG prompt template
prompt = hub.pull("teddynote/rag-prompt")
llm = ChatOpenAI(model_name="gpt-4o-mini", temperature=0, streaming=True)
rag_chain = prompt | llm | StrOutputParser()
response = rag_chain.invoke({"context": docs, "question": question})
return {"messages": [response]}
Graph
Start with the call_model agent.
The agent decides whether to call a function.
If a function call is decided, an action is executed to invoke the tool (retriever).
The tool's output is added to the messages ( state ), and the agent is called again.
from langgraph.graph import END, StateGraph, START
from langgraph.prebuilt import ToolNode, tools_condition
from langgraph.checkpoint.memory import MemorySaver
# Initialize the state graph workflow based on AgentState
workflow = StateGraph(AgentState)
# Define nodes
workflow.add_node("agent", agent)
retrieve = ToolNode([retriever_tool])
workflow.add_node("retrieve", retrieve)
workflow.add_node("rewrite", rewrite)
workflow.add_node(
# Response generation node after checking relevant documents
"generate",
generate,
)
# Connect edges
workflow.add_edge(START, "agent")
# Add conditional edges for determining whether to perform retrieval
workflow.add_conditional_edges(
"agent",
# Evaluate agent decision
tools_condition,
{
# Map condition outputs to graph nodes
"tools": "retrieve",
END: END,
},
)
# Define edges for processing after action nodes are executed
workflow.add_conditional_edges(
"retrieve",
# Evaluate document quality
grade_documents,
)
workflow.add_edge("generate", END)
workflow.add_edge("rewrite", "agent")
# Compile the graph
graph = workflow.compile(checkpointer=MemorySaver())
Visualize the compiled graph.
from langchain_opentutorial.graphs import visualize_graph
visualize_graph(graph)
Execute the Graph
Now, let's run the graph.
from langchain_core.runnables import RunnableConfig
from langchain_opentutorial.messages import stream_graph, invoke_graph, random_uuid
# Configure settings (maximum recursion limit, thread_id)
config = RunnableConfig(recursion_limit=10, configurable={"thread_id": random_uuid()})
# Define the input data structure, including a user query about the type of agent memory
inputs = {
"messages": [
(
"user",
"Where has the application of AI in healthcare been confined to so far?",
),
]
}
# Execute the graph
invoke_graph(graph, inputs, config)
==================================================
🔄 Node: agent 🔄
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
================================== Ai Message ==================================
Tool Calls:
pdf_retriever (call_ntQvPrGfieUgf2wxlW6nwRUr)
Call ID: call_ntQvPrGfieUgf2wxlW6nwRUr
Args:
query: application of AI in healthcare
==================================================
==== [DECISION: DOCS RELEVANT] ====
==================================================
🔄 Node: retrieve 🔄
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
================================= Tool Message =================================
Name: pdf_retriever
activities. So far, however, AI applications in healthcare have been potential. Specific healthcare training should be provided to data
confined to administrative tasks (i.e., Natural Language Processing scientists working in hospitals so that they can better understanddata/A European Approach to Artificial Intelligence - A Policy Perspective.pdf14
are great, as more use of AI in research and development could
Healthcare is arguably the sector where AI could make the lead to a more personalised healthcare based on patients’ data.data/A European Approach to Artificial Intelligence - A Policy Perspective.pdf14
intermediate / professional users (i.e., healthcare professionals). the safety of employees. The key application of AI is certainly in
This is a matter of privacy and personal data protection, of building predictive maintenance. Yet, the more radical transformation ofdata/A European Approach to Artificial Intelligence - A Policy Perspective.pdf10
same. The Covid-19 crisis has shown how strained our National
Healthcare Systems are, and AI solutions could help meet the cur- AI in the healthcare faces organisational and skill challenges. Onedata/A European Approach to Artificial Intelligence - A Policy Perspective.pdf14
very sensitive. An extensive use to feed AI tools can the use of patient’s data in the hospitals that deploy
Health data raise many concerns. Data ownership is also an issue AI-powered applications. The patients should be awaredata/A European Approach to Artificial Intelligence - A Policy Perspective.pdf15
Remote sible, as AI solutions can increasingly divert patients ning healthcare professionals, starting from the simple
healthcare to appropriate solutions for their specific symptoms tasks and diagnostic appointments.
and underlying conditions.
16data/A European Approach to Artificial Intelligence - A Policy Perspective.pdf15
to extract information from clinical notes or predictive scheduling healthcare practitioners needs. In addition, at the regulatory le-
of the visits) and diagnostic (machine and deep learning applied to vel it is important that new AI regulation is harmonised with otherdata/A European Approach to Artificial Intelligence - A Policy Perspective.pdf14
EIT Health and McKinsey & Company, (2020), Transforming healthcare with AI. Impact Scherer, M. (2016). Regulating Artificial Intelligence Systems: Risks, Challenges, Compe-data/A European Approach to Artificial Intelligence - A Policy Perspective.pdf21
advanced robots, autonomous cars, drones or Internet of Things place, a recent EIT Health Report envisages more in healthcare in
applications)”. Broad AI definitions cover several technologies, in- the near future, such as remote monitoring, AI-powered alertingdata/A European Approach to Artificial Intelligence - A Policy Perspective.pdf3
greatest impact in addressing societal challenges. Given rising de- A second challenge is that of finding a common language and un-
mands and costs, AI could help doing more and better with the derstanding between data experts and healthcare professionals.data/A European Approach to Artificial Intelligence - A Policy Perspective.pdf14
==================================================
c:\Users\user\dev\LangChain-OpenTutorial\.venv\Lib\site-packages\langsmith\client.py:256: LangSmithMissingAPIKeyWarning: API key must be provided when using hosted LangSmith API
warnings.warn(
==================================================
🔄 Node: generate 🔄
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
The application of AI in healthcare has so far been confined primarily to administrative tasks, such as Natural Language Processing for extracting information from clinical notes and predictive scheduling.
**Source**
- data/A European Approach to Artificial Intelligence - A Policy Perspective.pdf (page 14)
==================================================
==================================================
🔄 Node: agent 🔄
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
The application of AI in healthcare has so far been confined primarily to administrative tasks. This includes the use of Natural Language Processing (NLP) for extracting information from clinical notes and predictive scheduling for managing appointments and visits.
**Source**
- data/A European Approach to Artificial Intelligence - A Policy Perspective.pdf (page 14)
The following are examples of questions where document retrieval is unnecessary.
# Examples of Questions Where Document Retrieval Is Unnecessary
inputs = {
"messages": [
("user", "What is the capital of South Korea?"),
]
}
stream_graph(graph, inputs, config, ["agent", "rewrite", "generate"])
==================================================
🔄 Node: agent 🔄
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
The capital of South Korea is Seoul.
Below are some examples of questions where document retrieval is not possible.
As a result, a GraphRecursionError occurred during the continuous document retrieval process.
from langgraph.errors import GraphRecursionError
# Examples of Questions Where Document Retrieval Is Not Possible
inputs = {
"messages": [
("user", "Tell me about TeddyNote's LangChain tutorial."),
]
}
try:
stream_graph(graph, inputs, config, ["agent", "rewrite", "generate"])
except GraphRecursionError as recursion_error:
print(f"GraphRecursionError: {recursion_error}")
==================================================
🔄 Node: agent 🔄
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
==== [DECISION: DOCS NOT RELEVANT] ====
no
==== [QUERY REWRITE] ====
==================================================
🔄 Node: rewrite 🔄
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
What are the key concepts and features covered in TeddyNote's LangChain tutorial, and how can they be applied in practical scenarios?
==================================================
🔄 Node: agent 🔄
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
==== [DECISION: DOCS NOT RELEVANT] ====
no
==== [QUERY REWRITE] ====
==================================================
🔄 Node: rewrite 🔄
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
What are the key concepts and features covered in TeddyNote's LangChain tutorial, and how can they be applied in practical scenarios?
==================================================
🔄 Node: agent 🔄
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
==== [DECISION: DOCS NOT RELEVANT] ====
no
==== [QUERY REWRITE] ====
==================================================
🔄 Node: rewrite 🔄
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
What are the key concepts and features covered in TeddyNote's LangChain tutorial, and how can they be applied in practical scenarios?
==================================================
🔄 Node: agent 🔄
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
GraphRecursionError: Recursion limit of 10 reached without hitting a stop condition. You can increase the limit by setting the `recursion_limit` config key.
For troubleshooting, visit: https://python.langchain.com/docs/troubleshooting/errors/GRAPH_RECURSION_LIMIT
The next tutorial will cover how to resolve this issue.
Set up the environment. You may refer to for more details.
